# real time circle packing - now with WebGL!

I totally ignored my plan from the previous post, and tried to parallelize things with WebGL. Read more to find out what happened!

Using WebGL I’ve brought the render time down to ~9s! Check out the demo here:

Last time I planned to optimize the selection of candidates for circles to avoid having to retry as often. However, the more I thought about the problem, something bothered me - the lack of parallelism. It occurred to me that if we had some set of $$k$$ candidate circles where we know that none of the circles intersect with each other, we should be able to check if they can each be added to our final set in parallel. nitially I wanted to try using OffscreenCanvas or do something clever SharedArrayBuffers, but both of those approaches might not be suitable here. For starters, OffscreenCanvas is currently only implemented on chrome, and not firefox (I only target the latest versions of those two browsers for this blog). Also, using OffscreenCanvas would have been messy - my initial sketch of the idea was to divide the total canvas into a grid and have multiple Web Workers where each worker manages a single cell of the grid by rendering it in an OffscreenCanvas. The issue would be that points that extended into multiple cells would need to be communicated across multiple workers appropriately. The SharedArrayBuffer idea wasn’t fully formed, but what killed it for me was the need to have specifc CORS headers set to enable it. Since I don’t host this blog’s contents myself, I can’t really control that, and beyond requiring https for some APIs, I don’t want the content of this blog to be at the mercy of where I’m hosting it (as much as possible - the “mirror” of this site on my sourcehut page is pretty broken because it can’t make cross origin requests for images/libraries).

After giving it some thought I came up with a solution that could be implemented using WebGL. The basic idea is as follows:

• Randomly select $$k$$ circles
• Load the positions and radius of each circle into $$C$$ a texture of dimensions $$(k, 1)$$
• one pixel per circle, writing $$x, y, radius$$ into the $$r, g, b$$ channels respectively.
• Load previously drawn circles into $$D$$ a texture of dimensions $$(n, n)$$
• Where $$n$$ is the same dimensions as the actual output canvas we want to draw to
• Using WebGL for each candidate circle, check if it intersects with a previously drawn circle and render into $$C’$$ a texture of dimensions $$(k, 1)$$
• Where iff out pixel $$C’_{(i, 0)}$$ has an alpha value of $$1$$, pixel $$C_{(i, 0)}$$ correponds to a valid circle.
• For each valid circle identified in $$C’$$ draw that circle onto $$D$$

In the implementation above $$k = 200$$. It was emperically selected to be the most efficient value on my machine. Since this approach renders a batch of points at once, the old retry rejected circles loop was removed and replaced with error accounting that tracks how many failures we’ve encountered total. As a result, the number of drawn circles counted by the new version is more accurate, but I had to add an explicit check to end the run when the number of errors is greater than some threshold (a function of the draw_limit and attempt_limit). I found that this method usually renders around 36,000 circles per run before hitting the error limit, which prompted me to add more logging to the old versions. To my surprise the previous version only renders around 32,000 circles but has a similar number of errors. This indicates that I really do need to work on optimizing selection of candidates next!!!

Written on July 16, 2021